1.
Evaluation Of Comparative Antiviral Activity Of Indomethacin, Naproxen & Mefenamic Acid Against Avian Influenza H9 Virus
by Shahida Jamil Ahmed (2013-VA-850) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play a vital role due to their multi therapeutic approach. In this study, the antiviral activity of indomethacin, naproxen, and mefenamic acid against avian influenza H9 virus was evaluated In ovo. The stock solutions of each drug were prepared in their perspective solvent and preserved. From the stock, three different dilutions (10µg/ml, 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml of indomethacin, 25µg/ml, 50µg/ml, 100µg/ml of naproxen and 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml, 80µg/ml of mefenamic acid) of each drug were prepared. For each of drug to be tested, 25 embryonated chicken eggs were assigned to 5 groups having 5 eggs each, to evaluate both antiviral activity and embryonic toxicity parameters.
For evaluating antiviral activity, the groups of embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 4HA virus, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. For evaluation of embryonic toxicity, embryos of each group were injected with normal saline, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. Two controls i.e. positive control of virus (received 4HA Virus only) and negative control (received normal saline) were also included to validate the test results.
With avian influenza H9 virus the different concentrations of each drug were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was inoculated to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline respectively. Amantadine, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 37oC and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, chilling was done by placing all the eggs at 4oC in fridge for overnight section of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of indomethacin, naproxen, mefenamic acid and amantadine were assessed by only inoculating the drug of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. Among the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin showed significant antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus as compared to naproxen and mefenamic acid. Naproxen showed antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus greater than that of mefenamic acid. However, antiviral activity of mefenamic acid as compared to naproxen and indomethacin is negligible against influenza H9 virus when confirmed by Spot Hemagglutination test while reduction in viral titre was observed by Hemagglutination test.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2432-T] (1).
2.
Comparative Efficacy Of Water Sanitizers And Ozonisation To Improve Microbiological Quality Of Poultry Drinking Water
by Saher saeed(2011-VA-395) | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Water is a vital nutrient and plays significant role in poultry metabolism, digestion and absorption of food. One of the most important segments in health management for poultry production is water quality. Drinking water of poultry may act as source of microbial Mirobiological quality testing of the water is necessary for human and animal consumption. Acceptable limit of fecal coliform and total coliform for poultry drinking water is zero and 50 CFU/ml, respectively. This is why proper treatment of the water to reduce bacterial loads is highly recommended.
The antimicrobial efficacy of four water sanitizers and ozone was tested and compared in reducing the microbial counts in artificially contaminated water. Water sample collected from a commercial poultry farm was artificially contaminated with ATCC culture of E. coli (1.0 McFarland units). The water sample was treated with sanitizers and ozone at recommended dose and contact time period. After each experiment, microorganisms were recovered and enumerated by spread plate method. For each disinfectant, residual antimicrobial activity was also checked at regular intervals of one hour up-to four hours post treatment. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Efficacy of disinfectants was measured as log reduction values were calculated after enumeration of microbes on treated samples and untreated samples. The results were analyzed by one way ANOVA using SPSS software.
All of the sanitizers and ozone treatment at recommended doses resulted into more than two logs reduction in the microbial counts. Ozone treatment of the water samples resulted into maximum log reduction following initial interaction. Mean log reduction values (MLR) for ozone at 15, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes post treatment are 2.65, 3.74, 3.64, 4.44 and 5.40 respectively.
Summary
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Statistical analysis show that the MLR within all sanitizers and ozone did not significantly vary from each other at 15 minutes, one hours and three hours post treatment. At 2 hours post treatment MLR value of Quatovet was significantly higher as compared to other sanitizers and ozone. While at four hours post treatment Dutrion and Quatovet treated groups have significantly higher log reduction values in comparison to other sanitizers and ozone
Results of present study show that all of the tested water sanitizers and ozone can destroy more than 99 % of the microbes present in the water after treatment with the recommended doses. Ozone has the highest efficacy among all sanitizers following initial treatment. However, QAC based (Quatovet) and chlorine based (Dutrion) sanitizers have maximum residual antimicrobial activity. Keeping in view of the efficacy and safety of the tested products, the QAC are supposed to be superior among all other agents. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2828-T] (1).
